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Internet Archive9 (Hermann Hauser Sr.)

/home/pepper/wi-awb/data/births1882.0001-4447/wi-awb-0915001125/

sname = Hermann Hauser Sr.
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sname = Hermann Hauser Sr. sopt=t
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tmpO@Hermann_Hauser_Sr.@none@1
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(-mediatype:software) AND ((subject:"Sr., Hermann Hauser" OR subject:"Sr., Hermann H." OR subject:"Sr., H. H." OR subject:"Hermann Hauser Sr." OR subject:"Hermann H. Sr." OR subject:"H. H. Sr." OR subject:"Sr., Hermann" OR subject:"Hermann Sr." OR creator:"Hermann Hauser Sr." OR creator:"Hermann H. Sr." OR creator:"H. H. Sr." OR creator:"H. Hauser Sr." OR creator:"Sr., Hermann Hauser" OR creator:"Sr., Hermann H." OR creator:"Sr., H. H." OR creator:"Sr., H. Hauser" OR creator:"Hermann Sr." OR creator:"Sr., Hermann" OR title:"Hermann Hauser Sr." OR title:"Hermann H. Sr." OR title:"H. H. Sr." OR title:"Hermann Sr." OR description:"Hermann Hauser Sr." OR description:"Hermann H. Sr." OR description:"H. H. Sr." OR description:"Sr., Hermann Hauser" OR description:"Sr., Hermann H." OR description:"Hermann Sr." OR description:"Sr., Hermann") OR ("1882-1952" AND "Sr."))
 |5-----|
Sr., H. Hauser = Sr., H. Hauser
Sr., Hermann = Sr., Hermann
Sr., Hermann Hauser = Sr., Hermann Hauser
_birth = 1882
_date = 1882 1952
_death = 1952
_firstname = Hermann
_lastname = Sr.
 |6-----|
      skvrce-george-pave | description |1882 1952| = Đuro “George" Skvrce (1882 1952 Pločice; father: Đuro Skvrce; mother: Kate Kličan; married Marija Sablić). He was known as George Skuce in California. His sister Pave Skvrce Kise (1885 Pločice   1965 Los Angeles; same parents as George; married Marko Kise in Los Angeles in 1911); and George's granddaughter, Sylvia Skuce (*1936 Oakland; father: George Skuce Jr; mother: Elsie Mattos; married Richard Dickie in 1960). George Sr. returned to Konavle in the late 1940s and died there. His nickname was Đurđur. All of his descendants in California have the surname of Skuce. Photo from Sylvia Skuce Dickie. Copied in 1998. [Sablich, Skuce] (a)
skvrce-george-pave | 1

DATE = 
gov.uscourts.ilnb.901662 | -1
      list-of-characters-russia | description |1882 1952| = Glossary Names Abakumov, Viktor Semyonovich   (1894 1954). Stalin's Minister of State Security, 1946 1952. Executed in December, 1954, under Khrushchev. Agranov, Yakov Savlovich   (? 1939). Deputy People's Commissar of Internal Affairs under Yagoda and Yezhov. Played important role in preparing show trials of 1936 1938. Shot in purges. Aikhenvald, Yuli Isayevich   (1872 1928). Critic and essayist, translated Schopenhauer into Russian. Exiled in 1922. Akhmatova (Gorenko), Anna Andreyevna   (1889 1966). Acmeist poet, wife of Nikolai Gumilyev. Denounced in 1946 as “alien to the Soviet people." Long unpublished in Soviet Union; some works published after 1956. Aldanov (Landau), Mark Aleksandrovich   (1886 1957). Writer of historical novels; emigrated 1919 to Paris, and later to New York. Aldan Semyonov, Andrei Ignatyevich   (1908 ). Soviet writer; imprisoned in Far East camps, 1938 1953. Author of memoirs. Aleksandrov, A. I.   Head of Arts Section of All Union Society for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries; purged in 1935. Alliluyevs.   Family of Stalin's second wife, Nadezhda Sergeyevna. Amfiteatrov, Aleksandr Valentinovich   (1862 1938). Russian writer; emigrated 1920. Anders, Wladyslaw   (1892 1970). Polish general; formed Polish military units in Soviet Union and led them out to Iran in 1943. Andreyev, Leonid Nikolayevich   (1871 1919). Playwright and short story writer, close to Expressionism; died in Finland. Andreyushkin, Pakhomi Ivanovich   (1865 1887). Member of Narodnaya Volya terrorist group; executed after attempt to assassinate Alexander III in 1887. Antonov Saratovsky, Vladimir Pavlovich   (1884 1965). Old Bolshevik,   served as judge in Shakhty (1928) and Promparty (1930) trials. Averbakh, I. L.   Soviet jurist; associate of Vyshinsky. Babushkin, Ivan Vasilyevich   (1873 1906). Russian revolutionary. Bakhtin, Mikhail Mikhailovich   (1895 ). Literary scholar, expert on Dostoyevsky. Unpublished in Soviet Union from 1930 to 1963. Bakunin, Mikhail Aleksandrovich   (1814 1876). A founder of Anarchism. Bandera, Stepan   (1909 1959). Ukrainian nationalist; led anti Soviet forces in Ukraine after World War II until 1947; assassinated in Munich by a Soviet agent. Bedny, Demyan   (1883 1945). Soviet poet. Belinsky, Vissarion Grigoryevich   (1811 1848). Literary critic and ardent liberal, champion of socially conscious literature. Benois, Aleksandr Nikolayevich   (1870 1960). Scenic designer; emigrated 1926 to Paris. Berdyayev, Nikolai Aleksandrovich   (1874 1948). Philosopher, religious thinker; opposed atheism and materialism. Expelled in 1922; lived in Paris after 1924. Beria, Lavrenti Pavlovich   (1899 1953). Georgian Bolshevik, became close Stalin associate in 1938, in charge of secret police and national security. Executed after Stalin's death. Biron or Biren.   Russian name of Count Ernst Johann Bühren (1690 1772). A favorite of Empress Anna Ivanovna, under whom he instituted a tyrannical rule. Blok, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich   (1880 1921). Symbolist poet. Blücher, Marshal Vasily Konstantinovich   (1890 1938). Commander of Far East Military District, 1929 1938; shot in purge. Blyumkin, Yakov Grigoryevich   (1898 1929). A Left Socialist Revolutionary; assassinated German Ambassador Mirbach in Moscow in 1918; later joined Cheka; executed after he took message from Trotsky to Radek. Boky, Gleb Ivanovich   (1879 1941). Secret police official; member of Supreme Court after 1927; arrested in 1937. Bonch Bruyevich, Vladimir Dmitriyevich   (1873 1955). Bolshevik revolutionary; administrative officer of Council of People's Commissars, 1917 1920. Bondarin, Sergei Aleksandrovich   (1903 ). Children's writer. Budenny, Marshal Semyon Mikhailovich   (1883 1973). Civil War hero; commander of Bolshevik cavalry; commander Southwest Front in early phase of World War II. Bukharin, Nikolai Ivanovich   (1888 1938). Prominent Party official and economic theorist; member of Politburo after 1924 and general   secretary of Comintern after 1926; expelled from Party in 1929; executed after 1938 show trial. Bulgakov, Mikhail Afanasyevich   (1891 1940). Satirist, most of whose writings have not been published in Soviet Union. Bulgakov, Sergei Nikolayevich (1871 1944).   Religious philosopher; exiled in   1922,   lived in Paris. Bunin, Ivan Alekseyevich   (1870 1953). Writer; emigrated 1920 to France; won Nobel Prize in 1933. Bunyachenko, Sergei K.   (? 1946). Commander of 1st Division of Vlasov's forces in World War II; executed in Soviet Union in 1946. Charnovsky,   N. F. (1868 ?). Soviet economic official; among defendants in 1930 Promparty trial. Chekhovsky, Vladimir Moiseyevich   (1877 ?). Ukrainian nationalist. Chernov, Viktor Mikhailovich   (1873 1952). Socialist Revolutionary Party leader; emigrated in 1920. Chubar, Vlas Yakovlevich   (1891 1939). High Soviet Ukrainian official; shot in purges. Chukovskaya, Lidiya Korneyevna   (1907 ). Soviet literary critic and writer (samizdat). Dal (Dahl), Vladimir Ivanovich   (1801 1872). Lexicographer. Dan (Gurvich), Fyodor Ilyich   (1871 1947). Menshevik leader, physician; exiled in 1922. Denikin, Anton Ivanovich   (1872 1947). Tsarist military leader; commanded anti Bolshevik (White) forces in south, 1918 1920; emigrated. Derzhavin, Gavriil Romanovich   (1743 1816). Poet and statesman under Catherine II. Dimitrov, Georgi Mikhailovich   (1882 1949). Bulgarian Communist leader; chief defendant in 1933 Reichstag trial in Leipzig. Dolgun, Alexander M. (Alexander D.)   (1926 ). American born former employee of United States Embassy in Moscow; spent eight years (1948 1956) in Soviet prisons and labor camps; allowed to leave Soviet Union in 1971. Donskoi, D. D.   (1881 1936). Right Socialist Revolutionary. Doyarenko, Aleksei G.   Soviet agronomist; a defendant in Working Peasants Party case of 1931. Dukhonin, Nikolai Nikolayevich   (1876 1917). Commander in Chief of Tsarist Army; slain by soldiers. Dyakov, Boris Aleksandrovich   (1902 ). Author of labor camp memoirs. Dzerzhinsky, Feliks Edmundovich   (1877 1926). First chief of the secret police (Cheka GPU OGPU); succeeded by Menzhinsky. Ehrenburg, Ilya Grigoryevich   (1891 1967). Soviet writer and journalist; spent many years in Paris; author of memoirs of Stalin era. Etinger, Y. G.   (? 1952). Soviet physician, arrested in 1952 in so called “doctors' case." Died under interrogation. Fedotov, A. A.   (1864 ?). A Soviet official; defendant in Shakhty trial. Figner, Vera Nikolayevna (1852 1942).   A leader of Narodnaya Volya group, took part in successful conspiracy to assassinate Alexander II in 1881. Filonenko, Maksimilian Maksimilianovich.   Right Socialist Revolutionary; led anti Bolshevik forces in Archangel in 1918. Frank, Semyon Lyudvigovich   (1877 1950). Religious philosopher, pupil of Solovyev; exiled in 1922. Fyodor Ivanovich   (1557 1598). Halfwit son of Ivan the Terrible, whom he succeeded in 1584. His regent was Boris Godunov, who reigned as Tsar, 1598 1605. Gaaz, Fyodor Petrovich (Haas, Friedrich Joseph)   (1780 1853). German born physician of Moscow prison hospital; sought penal reforms. Gamarnik, Yan Borisovich   (1894 1937). Soviet military leader who committed suicide during purge. Garin, N. (Mikhailovsky, Nikolai Georgiyevich)   (1852 1906). Marxist writer, who depicted young Tsarist engineers. Gernet, Mikhail Nikolayevich   (1874 ?). Writer on the death penalty. Ginzburg, Yevgeniya Semyonovna   (1911 ). Author of labor camp memoirs,   Journey into the Whirlwind. Gippius, Zinaida Nikolayevna   (1869 1945). Writer, wife of Merezhkovsky; emigrated in 1920. Golikov, Marshal Filipp Ivanovich   (1900 ). Soviet military leader; supervised repatriation of Red Army prisoners from Germany. Golyakov, Ivan Terentyevich.   Presiding judge of Supreme Court under Stalin. Gorky, Maxim (Peshkov, Aleksei Maksimovich)   (1868 1936). Writer; opposed Bolsheviks at first and lived abroad (1921—1928); returned to Russia in 1931; died under mysterious circumstances. Gots, Abram Rafailovich   (1882 1940). A Right Socialist Revolutionary leader; a defendant in 1922 trial. Govorov, Marshal Leonid Aleksandrovich (1897 1955).   Soviet military leader. Griboyedov, Aleksandr Sergeyevich   (1795 1829). Playwright and diplomat. Grigorenko, Pyotr Grigoryevich (1907 ).   Former Red Army general, became a dissident in 1961; in mental asylums since 1969. Grigoryev, Iosif Fyodorovich   (1890 1949). Prominent Soviet geologist. Grin (Grinovsky), Aleksandr Stepanovich   (1880 1932). Writer of romantic, fantastic adventure stories. Grinevitsky, Ignati Ioakhimovich   (1856 1881). Revolutionary, member of Narodnaya Volya group. Threw bomb that killed Alexander II March 13, 1881; was himself mortally wounded. Groman, Vladimir Gustavovich   (1873 ?). High Soviet economic official; a defendant in 1931 trial of Mensheviks. Gromyko, Andrei Andreyevich   (1909 ). Soviet diplomat; former ambassador to United States and delegate to United Nations; Foreign Minister since 1957. Gul (Goul), Roman Borisovich   (1896 ). Émigré writer of historical works; editor of   Novy Zhurnal,   a magazine published in New York. Gumilyev, Nikolai Stepanovich   (1886 1921). Acmeist poet, first husband of Akhmatova; accused in anti Soviet plot and executed. Herzen, Aleksandr Ivanovich   (1812 1870). Liberal writer. Ilin, Ivan Aleksandrovich   (1882 1954). Mystic philosopher, exiled in 1922. Ivan Kalita   (? 1340). Founder of Grand Duchy of Muscovy. Ivanov Razumnik (Ivanov, Razumnik Vasilyevich)   (1876 1946). Left Socialist Revolutionary; served in Tsarist prison (1901) and in Soviet labor camps; went to Germany in 1941. Izgoyev (Lande), Aleksandr Solomonovich (1872 C.1938).   A Right Cadet writer; expelled from Soviet Union in   1922. Izmailov, Nikolai Vasilyevich   (1893 ). Soviet literary scholar, editor of Pushkin's works. Kaganovich, Lazar Moiseyevich   (1893 ). Close associate of Stalin, in charge of railroads. Ousted from leadership in 1957. Kalinin, Mikhail Ivanovich   (1875 1946). Nominal President of Soviet Union (1919 1946), first as Chairman of All Russian Central Executive Committee until 1922, then as Chairman of Central Executive Committee of U.S.S.R., and after 1938 as Chairman of Presidium of Supreme Soviet. Kamenev (Rosenfeld), Lev Borisovich   (1883 1936). Prominent Bolshevik leader, expelled from Party in 1927, readmitted and re expelled; executed after 1936 show trial. Kaplan, Fanya (Dora)   (1888 1918). A Left Socialist Revolutionary; executed after unsuccessful attempt on Lenin's life in 1918. Karakozov, Dmitri Vladimirovich   (1840 1866). Revolutionary; executed after unsuccessful attempt on life of Alexander II in 1866. Karsavin, Lev Platonovich   (1882 1952). Mystic philosopher; expert on medieval history; exiled in 1922. Kasso, Lev Aristidovich   (1865 1914). Reactionary Minister of Education under Nicholas II. Katanyan, Ruben Pavlovich   (1881 1966). Soviet state prosecuting official in 1920's and 1930's; arrested 1938. Kazakov, Ignati Nikolayevich   (1891 1938). Physician accused of having murdered Soviet officials through use of “lysates" (antibodies); shot after 1938 show trial. Kerensky, Aleksandr Fyodorovich   (1881 1970). A Socialist Revolutionary leader; headed Provisional Government, July to November, 1917; fled to France; died in New York. Khrustalev Nosar, Georgi Stepanovich   (1877 1918). Elected Chairman of St. Petersburg Soviet of Workers' Deputies in 1905; opposed Bolsheviks in Ukraine in 1918; shot by Bolsheviks. Kirov (Kostrikov), Sergei Mironovich   (1886 1934). Close Stalin associate; his murder in Leningrad, reputedly inspired by Stalin, set off wave of mass reprisals. Kishkin, Nikolai Mikhailovich   (1864 1930). A leader of Constitutional Democratic Party; a defendant in 1921 trial of famine relief aides. Kizevetter (Kiesewetter), Aleksandr Aleksandrovich   (1866 1933). Cadet leader and historian; expelled in 1922; lived in Prague. Klyuchevsky, Vasily Osipovich   (1841 1911). Prominent historian. Klyuyev, Nikolai Alekseyevich   (1887 1937). Peasant poet; glorified ancient Russian values, opposing Western cultural influences; exiled to Siberia in early 1930's. Kolchak, Aleksandr Vasilyevich   (1873 1920). Tsarist admiral; led anti Bolshevik forces in Siberia, 1918 1920; executed. Koltsov, Nikolai Konstantinovich   (1872 1940). Prominent biologist; founded experimental school in Russian biology. Kondratyev, Nikolai Dmitriyevich   (1892 ?). Agricultural economist; figure in Working Peasants Party case in 1931. Kornilov, Lavr Georgiyevich   (1870 1918). Commander in Chief of Russian forces under Provisional Government; led revolt against Kerensky in August, 1917; fought Bolsheviks in Don area; killed in battle. Korolenko, Vladimir Galaktionovich   (1853 1921). Peasant democratic writer; persecuted under Tsars; viewed as bourgeois by Bolsheviks. Kosarev, Aleksandr Vasilyevich   (1903 1939). Leader of the Komsomol, 1929 1938. Kosior, Stanislav Vikentyevich   (1889 1939). Ukrainian Bolshevik leader; shot in purges. Kozyrev, Nikolai Aleksandrovich (1908 ).   Astronomer; in prison,   1937 1948. Krasikov, Pyotr Ananyevich   (1870 1939). Old Bolshevik; prosecuting and justice official in 1920's and 1930's. Krasnov (Levitin), Anatoly Emanuilovich   (1915—). Religious writer; imprisoned under Stalin; in dissident movement after 1960. Krasnov, Pyotr Nikolayevich   (1869 1947). Don Cossack leader; emigrated in 1919; led pro German Russian units in World War II; handed over by Allies after war and executed in Soviet Union. Krestinsky, Nikolai Nikolayevich   (1883 1938). Bolshevik Party official and diplomat; shot after 1938 show trial. Kruglov, Sergei Nikiforovich (1903 ).   Minister of Interior,   1946 1956. Krylenko, Nikolai Vasilyevich   (1885 1938). Chief state prosecutor, 1918 1931; later People's Commissar of Justice; shot in 1938. Krylov, Ivan Andreyevich   (1769 1844). Noted fabulist. Kuibyshev, Valerian Vladimirovich   (1888 1935). Prominent economic planning official; died under mysterious circumstances. Kupriyanov, G.   N. Karelian Party official; arrested in 1949. Kursky, Dmitri Ivanovich   (1874 1932). People's Commissar of Justice, 1918 1928; envoy to Italy, 1928 1932. Kuskova, Yekaterina Dmitriyevna   (1869 1958). Cadet, later SR; figure in Famine Relief case 1921; exiled in 1922. Kuznetsov, Aleksei Aleksandrovich   (1905 1950). Lieutenant general, one of the organizers of the defense of Leningrad, Secretary of the Central Committee, convicted in connection with the Leningrad Affair. Kuznetsov, Col. Gen. Vasily Ivanovich   (1894 1964). Soviet military leader in World War II. Lapshin, Ivan Ivanovich   (1870 1948). Philosopher; exiled in 1922 to Prague, where he died. Larichev, Viktor   A. (1887 ?). Chairman, Main Fuels Committee; figure in Promparty trial in 1930. Larin, Y. (Lurye, Mikhail Aleksandrovich)   (1882 1932). Agricultural economist; former Menshevik; helped found Soviet planning system. Latsis (Lacis), Martyn Ivanovich (Sudrabs, Yan Fridrikhovich)   (1888 1941). Early Cheka official, 1917 1921; director, Plekhanov Economics Institute, 1932 1937; arrested 1937. Lelyushenko, Dmitri Danilovich   (1901—). Soviet World War II leader. Lermontov, Mikhail Yuryevich   (1814 1841). Liberal poet. Levina, Revekka Saulovna   (1899 1964). Soviet economist. Levitan, Yuri Borisovich   (1914 ). Soviet radio announcer noted for   his sonorous voice, which became familiar through announcement of major Soviet successes in World War II and other news events. Levitin.   See   Krasnov, A. E. Likhachev, Nikolai Petrovich   (1862 1935). Historian, specialist on ikon painting. Lomonosov, Mikhail Vasilyevich   (1711 1765). Universal scholar; in Russian spiritual history, prototype of scientific genius arising from the people. Lordkipanidze, G. S.   (1881 1937). Georgian writer; died in purge. Loris Melikov, Mikhail Tarpelovich   (1825 1888). Powerful Tsarist Interior Minister, 1880 1881; initiator of unimplemented reforms. Lorkh, Aleksandr Georgiyevich   (1889 ). Prominent potato breeder. Lossky, Nikolai Onufriyevich (1870 1965).   Philosopher; exiled in   1922. Lozovsky, A. (Dridzo, Solomon Abramovich)   (1878 1952). Revolutionary; chief of Trade Union International, 1921 1937; Deputy People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs and head of Sovinformburo in World War II; shot in anti Jewish purge. Lunacharsky, Anatoly Vasilyevich   (1875 1932). Marxist cultural theorist; People's Commissar for Education, 1917 1929. Lunin, Mikhail Sergeyevich   (1787 1845). One of the Decembrists; wrote philosophical and political tracts in Siberian exile. Lysenko, Trofim Denisovich   (1898 ). Agricultural biologist; virtual dictator of Soviet science after 1940 under Stalin, and of biology in the Khrushchev era until 1964. Maisky, Ivan Mikhailovich   (1884 ). Historian and diplomat; former Menshevik; envoy to Britain, 1932 1943; Deputy Foreign Commissar, 1943 1946. Makarenko, Anton Semyonovich   (1888 1939). Educator; organized rehabilitation colonies for juvenile delinquents. Malinovsky, Roman Vatslavovich   (1876 1918). Tsarist police informer planted among Bolsheviks; emigrated in 1914; returned to Russia voluntarily in 1918, when he was tried and executed. Mandelstam, Osip Emilyevich   (1891 1938). Acmeist poet; died in transit camp. Mariya, Mother.   See   Skobtsova. Markos, Gen. Vafiades   (1906 ). Greek leftist rebel leader, 1947 1948. Martov (Tsederbaum), Yuli Osipovich   (1873 1923). A Menshevik leader; exiled by Lenin in 1921. Mayakovsky, Vladimir Vladimirovich   (1893 1930). Futurist poet; suicide. Meck, Nikolai Karlovich von   (1863 1929). Tsarist railroad industrialist; worked for Bolsheviks after 1917; accused of counterrevolutionary activities and shot. Melgunov, Sergei Petrovich   (1879 1956). Historian and Popular Socialist leader; exiled in 1923; lived in Paris. Menshikov, Aleksandr Danilovich   (1673 1729). Military leader and statesman; favorite of Peter the Great and Catherine I. Menzhinsky, Vyacheslav Rudolfovich   (1874 1934). Secret police official; headed OGPU, 1926 1934. Meretskov, Marshal Kirill Afanasyevich   (1897 1968). World War II leader. Merezhkovsky, Dmitri Sergeyevich   (1865 1941). Philosopher and novelist; founder of Symbolist movement; emigrated 1919 to Paris. Mikhailov, Nikolai Aleksandrovich   (1906 ). Chief of Komsomol, 1938 1952; later envoy to Poland and Indonesia, Minister of Culture, chairman of State Publishing Committee; retired 1970. Mikolajczyk, Stanislaw   (1901 1966). Polish Peasant Party leader; in Polish government in exile during World War II; in Polish postwar government, 1945 1947. Mikoyan, Anastas Ivanovich (1895 ).   Close associate of Stalin; in charge of consumer goods area; foreign policy adviser to Khrushchev; retired   1966. Milyukov, Pavel Nikolayevich   (1859 1943). Leader of Constitutional Democratic Party and historian; emigrated in 1920; died in U.S.A. Mirovich, Vasily Yakovlevich   (1740 1764). Attempted palace coup under Catherine II in favor of pretender Ivan IV Antonovich. Molotov (Skryabin), Vyacheslav Mikhailovich   (1890 ). Close associate of Stalin; served as Premier and Foreign Minister; ousted by Khrushchev after so called 1957 anti Party coup; retired. Monomakh.   See   Vladimir II. Myakotin, Venedikt Aleksandrovich   (1867 1937). Historian and a founder of Popular Socialist Party; exiled in 1922. Nabokov (Sirin), Vladimir   (1899 ). Russian American writer; son of F. D. Sirin, a Cadet leader, who emigrated in 1919. Narokov (Marchenko), Nikolai Vladimirovich   (1887 1969). Émigréwriter; left Soviet Union in World War II; lived in Monterey, Calif. Natanson, Mark Andreyevich   (1850 1919). Populist, later a Socialist Revolutionary; sided with Bolsheviks during World War I; died in Switzerland. Nekrasov, Nikolai Alekseyevich   (1821 1878). Civic poet. Novikov, Nikolai Ivanovich   (1744 1818). Writer and social critic; incarcerated in Schlüsselburg Fortress under Catherine II. Novorussky, Mikhail Vasilyevich   (1861 1925). Revolutionary, convicted with Aleksandr Ulyanov after abortive attempt to assassinate Alexander III in 1887; death sentence commuted to imprisonment in Schlüsselburg. Obolensky, Yevgeny Petrovich   (1796 1865). One of the Decembrists; death sentence commuted to 20 years' Siberian exile. Olitskaya, Yekaterina Lvovna   (1898—). Soviet dissident writer whose prison camp memoirs circulated in samizdat and were published in 1971 by Possev, Russian language publishing house of Frankfurt, West Germany. Olminsky (Aleksandrov), Mikhail Stepanovich   (1863 1933). Early professional revolutionary, journalist. Ordzhonikidze, Grigory (Sergo) Konstantinovich   (1886 1937). Close associate of Stalin, charged with heavy industry; a suicide during purges. Osorgin (Ilin), Mikhail Andreyevich   (1878 1942). Writer; exiled in 1922. Palchinsky, Pyotr Akimovich   (1878 1929). Economist and mining engineer; chief defendant in Shakhty trial of 1928; shot. Pasternak, Boris Leonidovich   (1890 1960). Poet and novelist; 1958 Nobel laureate. Perkhurov, Aleksandr Petrovich   (1876 1922). Anti Bolshevik military commander; shot in Yaroslavl in 1922. Peshekhonov, Aleksei Vasilyevich   (1867 1933). Writer; exiled in 1922. Peshkova Vinaver, Yekaterina Pavlovna   (1876 1965). First wife of Maxim Gorky; headed Political Red Cross. Pestel, Pavel Ivanovich   (1793 1826). One of the Decembrists, leader of radical wing; hanged. Peters, Yakov Khristoforovich   (1886 1942). Latvian revolutionary; high secret police official in 1920's; liquidated. Petlyura, Simon Vasilyevich   (1879 1926). Ukrainian nationalist leader; headed anti Bolshevik forces in Ukraine, 1918 1919; assassinated in Paris exile. Pilnyak (Vogau), Boris Andreyevich   (1894 1937). Soviet writer; accused of distorting revolutionary events; died in prison. Platonov, Sergei Fyodorovich   (1860 1933). Historian; in official disfavor in early 1930's. Plekhanov, Georgi Valentinovich   (1856 1918). Marxist philosopher and historian, became a Menshevik leader; opposed Bolsheviks' 1917 coup. Pletnev, Dmitri Dmitriyevich   (1872 1953). Physician; sentenced to 25 years after 1938 show trial. Pobedonostsev, Konstantin Petrovich   (1827 1907). Lawyer and politician; Procurator of the Holy Synod; his reactionary Russian nationalist views were influential under Alexander III and in the early reign of Nicholas II. Postyshev, Pavel Petrovich   (1887 1940). Ukrainian Bolshevik leader; arrested in 1938; died in prison. Potemkin, Grigory Aleksandrovich   (1739 1791). Military leader and favorite of Catherine the Great. Prokopovich, Sergei Nikolayevich   (1871 1955). Economist and a Cadet leader; figure in 1921 Famine Relief Commission trial; expelled 1922. Ptukhin, Lieut. Gen. Yevgeny Savvich   (1900 1941). Soviet Air Force commander; executed after German attack against Soviet Union. Pugachev, Yemelyan Ivanovich   (1742 1775). Leader of a major peasant revolt against Catherine II; executed. Radek, Karl Berngardovich   (1885 1939). Comintern official, later journalist; shot after 1937 show trial. Radishchev, Aleksandr Nikolayevich   (1749 1802). Writer and social critic; exiled to Siberia by Catherine II. Rakovsky, Khristian Georgiyevich   (1873 1941). Bolshevik official who served as Ukrainian Premier, 1919 1923, and diplomat, 1923 1927; imprisoned after 1938 show trial; daughter Yelena arrested 1948. Ramzin, Leonid Konstantinovich   (1887 1948). Heat engineer; principal defendant in 1930 Promparty trial; death sentence commuted to 10 years; professionally active again during World War II. Ransome, Arthur   (1884 1967). British journalist; wrote on Bolshevik Revolution. Raskolnikov (Ilin), Fyodor Fyodorovich   (1892 1939). Bolshevik diplomat; defected in France; died under mysterious circumstances. Rasputin, Grigory Yefimovich   (1872 1916). Adventurer with strong influence over family of Nicholas II; killed by courtiers. Razin, Stepan Timofeyevich (Stenka)   (1630? 1671). Leader of a Cossack and peasant rebellion in the middle and lower Volga territories, he was defeated and executed; legendary figure in Russian national poetry. Reilly, Sidney George   (1874 1925). British intelligence officer; killed while crossing Soviet Finnish border. Repin, Ilya Yefimovich   (1844 1930). Prominent painter; one of his works depicts the Volga boatmen. Rokossovsky, Marshal Konstantin Konstantinovich   (1896 1968). Soviet World War II leader; Defense Minister in Poland, 1949 1956. Romanov, Panteleimon Sergeyevich   (1884 1938). Soviet satirist. Rudzutak, Yan Ernestovich   (1887 1938). Associate of Stalin; arrested 1937; died in prison. Ryabushinsky, Pavel Pavlovich   (1871 1924). Russian industrialist and anti Bolshevik leader; mentioned in 1930 Promparty trial. Rykov, Aleksei Ivanovich   (1881 1938). Close associate of Stalin; Premier of Soviet Union, 1924 1930; shot after 1938 show trial. Ryleyev, Kondrati Fyodorovich   (1795 1826). A Decembrist; hanged. Rysakov, Nikolai Ivanovich   (1861 1881). A revolutionary of Narodnaya Volya group; executed after assassination of Alexander II in 1881. Ryumin, M. D.   (? 1953). Secret police official who engineered the “doctors' case"; executed 1953. Ryurik.   Legendary Varangian prince who came to Novgorod in midninth century and founded first Russian dynasty. Sakharov, Col. Igor K.   Émigré who commanded pro German Russian military unit in World War II. Saltychikha (Saltykova, Darya Nikolayevna)   (1730 1801). Woman landowner in Moscow Province; noted for cruel treatment of serfs. Samsonov, Aleksandr Vasilyevich   (1859 1914). Tsarist general; suicide after his forces were defeated in East Prussia in World War I. Savinkov, Boris Viktorovich   (1879 1925). A Socialist Revolutionary leader; arrested after he re entered Russia illegally in 1924. Savva   (1327 1406). Russian Orthodox saint; pupil of Sergius of Radonezh. Sedin, Ivan K.   People's Commissar for Petroleum in World War II. Selivanov, Dmitri Fyodorovich   (1885 ?). Mathematician; emigrated 1922. Serebryakova, Galina Iosifovna   (1905 ). Writer; author of camp memoirs. Sergius of Radonezh   (1321 1391). Russian Orthodox saint; founded monasteries, including Trinity St. Sergius at Zagorsk, near his home town, Radonezh. Serov, Ivan Aleksandrovich   (1905 ). Secret police official; chairman of KGB, 1954 1958. Shalamov, Varlam Tikhonovich   (1907 ). Writer; spent 17 years in Kolyma camps; author of   Kolyma Stories   (Paris, 1969). Shchastny, Captain Aleksei Mikhailovich   (? 1918). Commander of Red Baltic Fleet; executed. Shcherbakov, Alekandr Sergeyevich   (1901 1945). Close associate of Stalin; Moscow city secretary, 1938 1945; Chief of Red Army's Political Department, 1942 1945. Sheinin, Lev Romanovich   (1906 1967). Soviet prosecuting and investigatory official; wrote spy stories after 1950. Sheshkovsky, Stepan Ivanovich   (1727 1793). Judicial   investigator   under Catherine II; known for harsh interrogatory techniques. Shmidt, Pyotr Petrovich   (1867 1906). Lieutenant in Black Sea Fleet; executed after Sevastopol revolt. Sholokhov, Mikhail Aleksandrovich   (1905 ). Soviet writer; 1965 Nobel laureate. Shulgin, Vasily Vitalyevich   (1878 1965). Monarchist; emigrated after 1917 Revolution; caught by Red Army in Yugoslavia at end of World War II; served 10 years in labor camp. Shvemik, Nikolai Mikhailovich   (1888 1970). Associate of Stalin; trade union chief, 1930 1944 and 1953 1956; President of Soviet Union, 1946 1953. Sikorski, Wladyslaw   (1881 1943). Military leader of Polish exiles. Skobtsova, Yelizaveta Yuryevna   (1892 1945). Acmeist poet; emigrated to Paris, where she became a nun (Mother Mariya); died in Nazi camp. Skrypnik, Nikolai Alekseyevich   (1872 1933). Ukrainian People's Commissar for Justice (1922 1927) and Education (1927 1933); suicide. Skuratov, Malyuta (Belsky, Grigory Lukyanovich)   (? 1572). Trusted aide of Ivan the Terrible; personifies Ivan's cruelties; headed Oprichnina, a policelike organization. Smirnov, Ivan Nikitovich   (1881 1936). Soviet People's Commissar for Communications, 1923 1927; expelled from Party; shot after 1936 trial. Smushkevich, Yakov Vladimirovich   (1902 1941). Soviet Air Force commander; executed after German invasion. Sokolnikov, Grigory Yakovlevich   (1888 1939). Soviet People's Commissar of Finance, 1922 1926; envoy to Britain, 1929 1934; sentenced to 10 years after 1937 show trial; died in prison. Solovyev, Vladimir Sergeyevich   (1853 1900). Religious philosopher; sought synthesis of Russian Orthodox faith and Western   scientific   thought and Roman Catholicism. Stalin, Iosif Vissarionovich   (1879 1953). Soviet political leader; named General Secretary of the Communist Party in 1922. After Lenin's death in 1924, he gradually eliminated political rivals in series of purges culminating in great trials of 1936 1938.   His   original family name was Dzhugashvili; revolutionary party name was Koba. Stanislavsky, Konstantin Sergeyevich   (1863 1938). Stage director;   co founder of the Moscow Art Theater in 1898; known in the West   for the “Stanislavsky method" of acting technique. Stepun, Fyodor Augustovich   (1884 1965). Philosopher; expelled in 1922. Stolypin, Pyotr Arkadyevich   (1862 1911). Tsarist statesman; served as Minister of Interior after 1906; known for agrarian reform resettling poor peasants in Siberia; slain by an SR. Sudrabs.   See   Latsis. Sukhanov (Gimmer), Nikolai Nikolayevich   (1882 1940). Menshevik historian; meeting at his apartment in Petrograd in October, 1917, the Bolsheviks decided to launch an armed uprising; figure in 1931 Menshevik trial; released after hunger strike; rearrested in purges of late 1930's; author of detailed account of the Bolshevik Revolution. Surikov, Vasily Ivanovich   (1848 1916). Historical painter of the realist school. Suvorov, Aleksandr Vasilyevich   (1729 1800). Military leader; led Italian and Swiss campaigns against Napoleon. Svechin, Aleksandr Andreyevich (1878 1935).   Military historian; shot. Sverdlov, Yakov Mikhailovich   (1885 1919). First Soviet President. Tagantsev, Nikolai Stepanovich   (1843 1923). Writer on criminal law. Tarle, Yevgeny Viktorovich   (1875 1955). Soviet historian; was briefly in official disfavor in early 1930's. Tikhon, Patriarch   (1865 1925). Head of Russian Orthodox Church after 1917; detained 1922 1923 on oppositionist charges. Timofeyev Ressovsky, Nikolai Vladimirovich   (1900 ). Soviet radio biologist; worked in Germany, 1924 1945; spent 10 years in Stalin camps after return to Soviet Union. Tolstoi, Alexandra Lvovna (1884 ).   Youngest dauthter of Lev Tolber of   1937   Supreme Soviet (national legislature). Tolstoi, Alexandra Lvovna   (1884—). Youngest daughter of Lev Tolstoi; author of a biography of her father; lives in the U.S., where she founded the Tolstoi Foundation for aid to refugees. Tomsky, Mikhail Pavlovich   (1880 1936). First Soviet chief of trade unions, until 1929; suicide in Stalin purges. Trotsky (Bronshtein), Lev (Leon) Davidovich   (1879 1940). Associate of Lenin; first Soviet Defense Commissar, until 1925; expelled from Party in 1927; deported to Turkey in 1929; slain in Mexico City by a Soviet agent. Trubetskoi, Sergei Petrovich (1790 1860).   One of the Decembrists; death sentence commuted to exile; amnestied in   1856. Tsvetayeva, Marina Ivanovna (1892 1941).   Poet; lived abroad   1922   to   1939;   a suicide two years after return to Soviet Union. Tukhachevsky, Mikhail Nikolayevich   (1893 1937). Soviet military leader; shot in 1937 on trumped up treason charges. Tur Brothers.   Pen names of two playwrights and authors of spy stories: Leonid Davydovich Tubelsky (1905 1961) and Pyotr Lvovich Ryzhei (1908 ). Tynyanov, Yuri Nikolayevich   (1895 1943). Soviet writer and literary scholar. Ulrikh, Vasily Vasilyevich   (1889 1951). Supreme Court justice; presided over major trials of 1920's and 1930's. Ulyanov, Aleksandr Ilyich   (1866 1887). Lenin's older brother; executed after unsuccessful attempt to assassinate Alexander III in 1887. Ulyanova (Yelizarova Ulyanova), Anna Ilyinichna   (1874 1935). Lenin's sister; journalist and editor. Uritsky, Moisei Solomonovich   (1873 1918). Revolutionary; chairman of the Petrograd Cheka; his assassination by an SR set off Red Terror. Utyosov, Leonid Osipovich   (1895 ). Soviet orchestra leader and variety stage star. Valentinov (Volsky), Nikolai Vladislavovich   (1879 1964). Journalist and philosopher; former Bolshevik turned Menshevik; emigrated 1930. Vasilyev Yuzhin, Mikhail Ivanovich   (1876 1937). Revolutionary; secret police and justice official. Vavilov, Nikolai Ivanovich   (1887 1943). Prominent plant geneticist; Director of Institute of Applied Botany (1924 1940) and Institute of Genetics (1930 1940); arrested 1940; died in imprisonment. Vereshchagin, Vasily Vasilyevich   (1842 1904). Painter noted for battle scenes. Vladimir II Monomakh.   Ruler of Kievan Russia, 1113 1125. Vladimirov (Sheinfinkel), Miron Konstantinovich   (1879 1925). Early Soviet official in agriculture, finance and economic management. Vlasov, Lieut. Gen. Andrei Andreyevich   (1900 1946). Red Army officer; captured by Germans in 1942; led Russian forces against Soviet Union; handed over by Allies after war and executed. Voikov, Pyotr Lazarevich   (1888 1927). Bolshevik revolutionary; Soviet representative in Warsaw, 1924 1927; assassinated by an émigré. Voloshin, Maksimilian Aleksandrovich   (1878 1932). Symbolist poet and watercolorist; opposed Bolsheviks. Voroshilov, Kliment Yefremovich   (1881 1969). Close associate of Stalin; long Defense Commissar; Soviet President, 1953 1960. Vysheslavtsev, Boris Petrovich   (1877 1954). Philosopher; exiled in 1922. Vyshinsky, Andrei Yanuaryevich   (1883 1954). Lawyer and diplomat; former Menshevik turned Bolshevik; chief state prosecutor in show trials, 1936 1938; Deputy Foreign Commissar and Minister, 1939 1949 and 1953 1954; Foreign Minister, 1949 1953. Wrangel, Pyotr Nikolayevich   (1878 1928). Tsarist military commander; led anti Bolshevik forces in South in 1920 after Denikin. Yagoda, Genrikh Grigoryevich   (1891 1938). Secret police official; People's Commissar of Internal Affairs, 1934 1936; shot after 1938 show trial. Yakubovich, Pyotr Filippovich   (1860 1911). Poet; translated Baudelaire; wrote memoirs about his Tsarist exile. Yaroshenko, Nikolai Aleksandrovich   (1846 1898). Painter. Yenukidze, Avel Safronovich   (1877 1937). Bolshevik official; Secretary of Central Executive Committee, 1918 1935; shot in purges. Yermilov, Vladimir Vladimirovich   (1904 1965). Soviet literary critic. Yesenin, Sergei Aleksandrovich   (1895 1925). Imagist poet; suicide. Yezhov, Nikolai Ivanovich   (1895 1939). Secret police official; People's Commissar of Internal Affairs, 1936 1938. Yudenich, Nikolai Nikolayevich   (1862 1933). Tsarist military commander; led anti Bolshevik forces in Estonia, 1918 1920. Zalygin, Sergei Pavlovich   (1913 ). Soviet writer. Zamyatin, Yevgeny Ivanovich   (1884 1937). Writer; returned 1917 from abroad, but opposed Bolsheviks; emigrated in 1932; his novel   We,   published in London in 1924, influenced Huxley, Orwell. Zasulich, Vera Ivanovna   (1849 1919). Revolutionary; acquitted after attempt to assassinate Mayor of St. Petersburg; emigrated 1880; returned 1905; became Menshevik. Zavalishin, Dmitri Irinarkhovich   (1804 1892). One of the Decembrists; sentenced to 20 years' Siberian exile; worked as journalist after 1863. Zhdanov, Andrei Aleksandrovich   (1896 1948). Close associate of Stalin; shaped cultural policy after World War II. Zhebrak, Anton Romanovich   (1901 1965). Soviet geneticist. Zhelyabov, Andrei Ivanovich   (1851 1881). Revolutionary; executed after his assassination of Alexander II in 1881. Zhukov, Marshal Georgi Konstantinovich   (1896 ). World War II leader. Zinoviev (Apfelbaum), Grigory Yevseyevich   (1883 1936). Associate of Lenin; expelled from Party in 1927; shot after 1936 show trial. Institutions and Terms All Russian Central Executive Committee.   See   VTsIK. April Theses.   A programmatic statement issued by Lenin in April, 1917, calling for end of war with Germany and transfer of power to the Soviets. Basmachi.   Name given to anti Bolshevik forces in Central Asia after 1917 Revolution. Black Hundreds.   Armed reactionary groups in Tsarist Russia; active from about 1905 to 1917 in pogroms of Jews and political assassinations of liberal personalities. Butyrki.   A major Moscow prison, named for a district of Moscow; often known also as Butyrka. Cadet.   See   Constitutional Democratic Party. Chechen.   Ethnic group of Northern Caucasus; exiled by Stalin in 1944 on charges of collaboration with German forces. Cheka.   Original name of the Soviet secret police, 1917 1922; succeeded by GPU. Chinese Eastern Railroad.   A Manchurian rail system built (1897 1903) as part of original Trans Siberian Railroad. Jointly operated by Chinese and Soviet authorities until 1935 (when it was sold to Japanese dominated Manchukuo government) and again in 1945 1950. Russian acronym: KVZhD. Codes.   The 1926 Criminal Code and the 1923 Code of Criminal Procedure were repealed in 1958 with the adoption of new Fundamental Principles of Criminal Legislation and Criminal Procedure; in 1960 these were embodied in a new Criminal Code and a new Code of Criminal Procedure. Collegium.   Governing board of Soviet government departments and other institutions. Comintern.   Acronym for Communist International, the world organization of Communist parties that existed from 1919 to 1943. Committee of the Poor,   also known by the Russian acronym Kombed. A Bolshevik dominated organization of poor peasants (1918). Constituent Assembly.   A multiparty legislative body with large anti Bolshevik majority, elected in November, 1917, after the Bolshevik Revolution. It met in January, 1918, but was broken up when it refused to adopt Bolshevik proposals. Constitutional Democratic Party.   Founded in 1905 under the Tsars, advocating a constitutional monarchy; played a conservative role after overthrow of Tsar; members were known as Cadets, from a Russian acronym for the party. Council of People's Commissars.   Name given the Soviet cabinet (government) before 1946, when it became the Council of Ministers; also known by Russian acronym Sovnarkom. Crimean Tatars.   Exiled by Stalin to Central Asia in 1944 on charges of collaboration with Germans. Dashnak.   Anti Bolshevik group in Armenia after 1917 Revolution. Decembrists.   Group of Russian officers who took part in unsuccessful liberal uprising against Nicholas I in December, 1825. Doctors' case.   The arrest of leading Kremlin physicians, most of them Jews, in 1952 on trumped up charges of plotting against the lives of Soviet leaders. At least one, Y. G. Etinger, is believed to have died under interrogation; the others were released after Stalin's death in 1953. Famine Relief, State Commission for.   A Soviet governmental body, set up in 1921 1922; also known by the Russian acronym Pomgol. GPU.   Designation for Soviet secret police in 1922; acronym for Russian words meaning State Political Administration; continued to be used popularly after 1922, when the official designation became OGPU, acronym for United State Political Administration. Gulag.   The Soviet penal system under Stalin; a Russian acronym for Chief Administration of Corrective Labor Camps. Hehalutz.   Zionist movement that prepared young Jews for settling in Holy Land; it founded most of the kibbutzim. Hiwi.   German designation for Russian volunteers in German armed forces during World War II; acronym for Hilfswillige. Industrial Academy.   A Moscow school that served as training ground of industrial managers in late 1920's and early 1930's. Industrial Party.   See   Promparty. Informburo.   See   Sovinformburo. Ingush.   Ethnic group of Northern Caucasus; exiled by Stalin in 1944 on charges of collaboration with Germans. Isolator.   (1) Type of political prison established in early stage of Soviet regime for fractious Bolsheviks and other political foes. (2) In a labor camp, the designation for a building with punishment cells. Kalmyks.   Ethnic group of Northern Caucasus; exiled by Stalin in 1943 on charges of collaboration with German forces. KGB.   Acronym for Soviet secret police after 1953; stands for State Security Committee. Khalkhin Gol.   River on border between China and Mongolia. Scene of Soviet Japanese military clashes in 1939. Khasan.   Lake on Soviet Chinese border, near Sea of Japan. Scene of Soviet Japanese military clash in 1938. Kolyma.   Region of northeast Siberia; center of labor camps under Stalin. Komsomol.   Russian acronym for Young Communist League. KVZhD.   See   Chinese Eastern Railroad. Labor day.   Accounting unit on collective farms. Lubyanka.   Popular designation for secret police headquarters and prison in central Moscow, named for adjacent street and square (now Dzerzhinsky Street and Square); housed Rossiya Insurance Company before the 1917 Revolution. Makhorka.   A coarse tobacco ( Nicotiana rustica)   grown mainly in the Ukraine. Mensheviks.   Democratic faction of Marxist socialists; split in 1903 from Bolshevik majority; repressed after 1917 Bolshevik Revolution. MGB.   Initials for Soviet secret police, 1946 1953; acronym for Ministry of State Security; succeeded by KGB. MVD.   Russian acronym for Ministry of Interior; performed secret police function briefly in 1953. Narodnaya Volya   (literal translation: People's Will). Secret terrorist society dedicated to overthrowing Tsarism; existed from 1879 until disbanded in 1881 after assassination of Alexander II. Narodnik (Populist).   Member of populist revolutionary movement under the Tsars. NEP.   Acronym for New Economic Policy, a period of limited private enterprise, 1921 1928. Nine grams.   A bullet. NKGB.   Designation of Soviet secret police, 1943 1946; acronym for People's Commissariat of State Security. NKVD.   Designation of Soviet secret police, 1934 1943; acronym for People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs. OGPU.   Designation of Soviet secret police, 1922 1934; acronym for United State Political Administration. Okhrana.   Name of Tsarist secret police from 1881 to 1917; Russian word means “protection," replacing the full designation Department for the Protection of Public Security and Order. OSO.   See   Special Board. People's Commissariat.   Name of Soviet government departments from 1917 to 1946, when they were renamed “Ministry." Petrograd.   Official name of Leningrad, 1914 1924. Polizei.   German word for “police"; designation of Russians who served as police under German occupation in World War II. Pomgol.   See   Famine Relief. Popular Socialist Party.   Founded in 1906, it favored general democratic reforms, opposed terrorism. Promparty.   Mixed Russian English acronym for Industrial Party (in Russian, Promyshlennaya Partiya). Nonexistent underground to which the organization of industrial managers tried in 1930 allegedly belonged. Provisional Government.   Coalition government of Russia after overthrow of Tsarism, March to November, 1917; first under Prince Georgi Lvov, later under Kerensky; overthrown by Bolsheviks. Revolutionary Tribunal (Revtribunal).   Special Soviet courts (1917—1922), which tried counterrevolutionary cases. Russkaya Pravda.   Political program of the Decembrists; drafted by Pestel; the Russian words mean “Russian truth." Sapropelite Committee.   A scientific study group that sought to use bituminous lake bottom ooze, or sapropel, as a fuel around 1920. Schlüsselburg.   Fortress on Lake Ladoga, at outlet of Neva River; used as political prison under Tsars; now called Petrokrepost. Schutzbund.   Armed contingents of Austrian Social Democrats; members sought refuge in Soviet Union in 1934 after defeat in civil war. Sharashka.   Russian prison slang for a special research center in which the research scientists, specialists, and technicians are all prisoners under prison discipline. Short Course.   Familiar title of the standard Stalinist version of the history of the Soviet Communist Party; used as the official text from 1938 until after Stalin's death in 1953. SMERSH.   Acronym for Soviet counterintelligence during World War II; stands for “death to spies." Smolny.   Former girls' school; Communist Party headquarters in Leningrad. Socialist Revolutionary Party.   Created in 1890's out of several populist groups; split at first congress held in Finland in December, 1905, into right wing, opposed to terrorism, and left wing, favoring terrorism; SR's played key role in Provisional Government; left wing cooperated briefly with Bolsheviks after Revolution. Solovetsky Islands   (colloquially known as   Solovki).   Island group in White Sea, with monasteries; used as place of exile for rebellious priests in Middle Ages; early forced labor camp (SLON) after 1917 Revolution. Sovinformburo.   Soviet information agency in World War   II. Sovnarkom.   See   Council of People's Commissars. Special Board   (Russian acronym:   OSO).   Three man boards of People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs, with powers to sentence “socially dangerous" persons without trial; abolished in 1953. SR.   See   Socialist Revolutionary Party. Stolypin car.   A railroad car used to transport prisoners, named for P. A. Stolypin; also known in prison slang as vagonzak, for vagon zaklyuchennykh (prisoner car). Supreme Council of the Economy.   Highest industrial management agency in early years of Soviet regime; established in 1917; abolished 1932, when it was divided into industrial ministries. Supreme Soviet.   The national legislature of the Soviet Union, with counterparts in its constituent republics; meets usually twice a year to approve decisions taken by the Soviet leadership. Its lawmaking function is performed between sessions by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet; nominally the highest state body in the Soviet Union. Time of Troubles.   A period of hardship and confusion during the Polish and Swedish invasions of Russia in the early seventeenth century. Union Bureau.   See   Mensheviks. UPK.   Code of Criminal Procedure.   See   Codes. Verkhtrib.   Russian acronym for Supreme Tribunal (1918 1922), which tried the most important cases in the early Soviet period. Vikzhel.   Railroad workers union, opposed Bolsheviks after 1917 Revolution; acronym stands for All Russian Executive Committee of Railroad Workers Union. VSNKh.   See   Supreme Council of the Economy. VTsIK.   Acronym for All Russian Central Executive Committee, the highest state body of the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic, the largest Soviet state, from 1917 to 1937, when it was succeeded by the Presidium of the Republic's Supreme Soviet. The national equivalent of VTsIK was TsIK, the Central Executive Committee of the U.S.S.R. (1922 1938), which became the Presidium of the national Supreme Soviet. Workers Opposition.   Bolshevik faction that sought greater trade union control of industry and greater democracy within Party; its activities were condemned at Tenth Party Congress in 1921, and some leaders were later expelled from Party and arrested. Zek.   Prison slang for prisoner, derived from zaklyuchenny, Russian word for “prisoner." Zemstvo.   Local government unit in prerevolutionary Russia. (a)

DATE = 2021
list-of-characters-russia | 0
podcast_ua-museum-art-good-vibrati_1937-hermann-hauser-sr_1000100962907 | 0
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-2
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tmpO@Hermann_Hauser_Sr.@none@1 | -2 | 1 | 4
Final: 

None found.